Socrates Essays (865 words) - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato

Socrates While reading Plato's Meno, Euthyphro, apology, and Crito, it became apparent that Socrates held very strong beliefs about the relationship between law and morality. Socrates makes it clear about the reasons laws should be or not be followed. He also clarifies his stand on why laws should be followed and why disobedience to the law is rarely justified. Socrates views humanity in the context that anybody is capable of wrongdoing. He continues with the elaboration that even returning an injury upon oneself is wrong. Socrates then makes a connection between the city and morality. If one is acting without the city's allowance, one is doing wrong toward the city and it's laws. Behaving wrongly towards the people is also doing wrong against the city. The wrongdoing would become a way of destroying the cities laws, and hurting citizens in the process. Socrates compares this relationship to that of how a child should not cause harm to his parents. By doing so you disrespect the laws within the city. Causing harm to your father would lead to conviction; further illustrating the fact that wrong against the law is a wrong against everybody who abides by that law. Socrates follows this by examining what each citizen is taught. From birth you are told to obey laws. You were brought to life from your mother and father and thus you should respect and obey the rules that they do. But the cities laws were there before you mother and father, and are therefor equally if not more important than the laws of your mother and father. The city's law should be respected at least as equally as one's parents should. Socrates then goes on to explain that you do not have the same rights as your parents. Because they have taught what is right and wrong, it is immoral to treat your parents as they treat you. Your parents must have a higher position than you because they taught you. This thought is then extended to the city with the quote ?One must obey the commands of one's city and country, or persuade it as to the nature of justice. It is impious to bring violence to bear against your mother or father, it is much more so to use it against you country.? (Crito, 46) One should obey your parents, but more important is the city. Because the city was that which has taught your ancestors and your parents, it must be superior to them. The cities laws being superior to your mother or father, should be respected and followed. Socrates explains his thoughts of the city and its rules as the nature of life. We were welcomed into the world by the city so it is immoral to fight against it. The laws should be ac cepted and followed. But one should not obey a law just because it is a law. What is moral has been taught to us by our parents, and to them from the city. It is their opinion that will tell us if our actions are moral or not. However, one aspect of the city and its laws is that you are not forced to do as it dictates. As Socrates explains, you have two options, to obey the law or not. But in regards to Socrates opinion, it is not another's opinion to decide what is right and wrong for us. But just as children argue with their parents, one doesn't have to do everything that he is told to. It is an immoral life to follow others opinions about morality. From Euthyphro Socrates opinion on how disobedience can be justified is shown. When Euthyhro accuses his father of murder, he states ?I say that the pious to do what I am doing now, to prosecute the wrongdoer, be it about murder or temple robbery or anything else, whether the wrongdoer is your father or your mother or anyone else; not to prosecute is impious.? (Euthyphro, 22) In this case, Socrates is defending himself. He doesn't believe in all the God's ideas and is justifying his opinion. He has similar thoughts about morality when he states ?I find it hard to accept things like that being said about the

New Service Development Essay Essay Example

New Service Development Essay Essay Example New Service Development Essay Essay New Service Development Essay Essay New Service Development (NSD) Essay The difference between the new product development process (NPD) and the new service development process (NSD) is the involvement of customers in services. A service is an intangible good that relies and focuses heavily on customer involvement and experience. Four main characteristics of services outlined by Alam Perry (2002) are intangibility, heterogeneity, perishability and inseparability and it is because of these characteristics that the NSD and NPD process differ. Whilst extensive research has been carried out in the area of NPD, little attention has been paid to the specifics of NSD. Three key issues have been outlined by Alam and Perry (2002). The first issue is that little effort has been made to propose NSD models. Only two linear NSD models have been proposed however neither address important stages such as the development of the cross-functional team or parallel processing which leads to cycle time reduction. Secondly there is limited knowledge of the nature of the NSD stages in service firms and how they are to be managed. Finally Alam and Perry highlighted that many firms don’t realise the importance of the customer because they do not obtain information or involve them in their NSD process. The role of the customer in a service is the most crucial. Unlike a mass produced product, a service is an experience, which involves a heterogenic interaction between the customer and the service provider. A service is more flexible than a product and able to meet the changing needs of the customer more quickly. In order to be successful, services need to meet the customers’ individual needs hopefully leaving a positive impression on the customer. Services are continually evaluated by the customer, with the customer evaluating the sum of its parts; if one area performs poorly, then the whole service results in a low evaluation. This is why feedback at every stage of the service is essential. Feedback allows the service provider to identify areas that need development in order to improve the customers’ next experience. With this in mind Alam and Perry (2002) suggest a NSD process that is customer orientated, involving the customer in all stages of the NSD process outlined in the below table. Alam and Perry (2002) propose 2, 10 stage NSD models, one linear and one parallel. The model incorporates the key stages of idea generation, idea screening and the development of a cross-functional team. By providing a parallel model, Alam and Perry offer a NSD process that suggest stages that can be carried out concurrently in order to fast track development. Such a process is very useful in the development of services where speed is essential due to threats of competitor replication (service ideas cannot be patented). In contrast, the NPD process is much slower (whilst speed is still important) it is essential that the product be perfected before it is launched. Products are able to be patented whilst service ideas are not which is why the element of speed is a differentiating factor between the NSD and NPD process. However they still suggest a sequential, linear model which would result in a more thorough NSD process to be carried out. The appropriateness of each model depends on individual circumstances. When developing a new service it is belived that customer orientation creates superior customer value and service quality inevitably enhancing customer satisfaction. This highlights the necessity of involving the customer at each stage of the NSD process as Alam and Perry (2002) suggest in their model. Additionally, service delivery personnel are in the best position to receive feedback from the customer because they are in actual contact with the customers. Crawford Di Benedetto (2011) recommend that service delivery personnel be involved in the concept generation phase whereby they can provide real-life insight, identifying problem areas and offer their solutions. This is similar to the NPD stage of problem based ideation, whereby they discover and analyse the problem in order to fix it. However Because new services are much easier to implement than the generation of an entire product, the NSD process is much faster with a constant flow of ideas able to be developed. service design/development stages? Alam and Perry (2002) ‘Customers input in new service development process’ | New Service development Stage| Activities performed by customers| Strategic planning| Feedback on financial data| Idea generation| State needs, problems and their solution, criticise xisting service; identify gaps in the market; provide a wish list; state new service adoption criteria| Idea screening| Suggest rough sales guide and market size; suggest desired benefits and attributes; show reactions to the concepts; liking; preference and purchase intent of all concepts; help producer with go/no go decision| Business analysis| Limited feedback on financial da ta, including profitability of the concepts, competitors data| Formation of cross functional team| Join top management in selecting team members| Service design and process system design| Review and jointly develop the blue prints; suggest improvements by identifying fail points; observe the service delivery trial by the firm personnel| Personnel training| Observe and participate in mock service delivery process; suggest improvements| Service testing and pilot run| Participate in a simulated service delivery processes; suggest final improvements and design change| Test marketing| Comments on the marketing plan, detailed comments about their satisfaction of marketing mixes; suggest desired improvements| Commercialization| Adopt the service as a trial; feedback about overall performance of the service along with desired improvements, if any; word of mouth communications to other potential customers| In Conclusion the NSD process is a process that should be intertwined with the custome r, treating the customer as a partner in their quest for better services. Customer involvement is needed to develop a superior service with better value for customers. It is suggested that a sequential and linear process should be used unless time restraints call for a parallel process where stages can be carried out concurrently. Managers should strive to develop services that match customer needs.

Alba Madonna - Raphael Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alba Madonna - Raphael - Essay Example Raphael's Alba Madonna, painted circa 1510 and measuring 37.5 inches in diameter, is one of the most well known examples of biblical themed Renaissance art. One of the work's key compositional features is the artist's selection of a circular framework to surround his depiction of the biblical triad of Mary, the child St John and a baby Jesus. The circle, with its theoretical and symbolic links to notions of eternity is invested with significance in the Judeo-Christian belief system. Conversely, in ancient mythology the circle often represented a serpent from head to tail - tying in with the serpentine satanic figure of Christianity's Garden of Eden. Surrounded by the circle, as the baby Jesus was encased in her womb before birth, Mary is surrounded by a miasma of potent symbolic associations - including those of creation, rebirth and destruction. The foreground scenery of the piece is relatively barren, in contrast to the reproductive success of the virgin mother. In biblical ideolog y, it was a tragedy for a woman to be seen as barren - as traditional gender roles determined reproduction to be a woman's primary function. Conversely, a fertile woman was seen to be blessed by God. The emphasis on a barren landscape heightens the associations of fertility connected to the Madonna, and the barren scene is broken by the appearance of two flowers - symbolising qualities of purity in their whiteness and similarly reflecting the virginal purity of Christ's mother.