The Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare - 892 Words

An analysis of how the play ‘The Tragedy of Macbeth’, written between 1599 and 1606 by William Shakespeare, has been reinterpreted in the 2010 film ‘Macbeth’. The 2010 film successfully takes its own reading of Shakespeare s play; by changing the setting, the director, Rupert Goold, effectively conveys many of the key themes and issues found in the original text. Whilst transforming some on the underlying meanings to correspond to the alternative readings contemporary audiences might take from Shakespeare s Macbeth. The objective is to examine one scene from both play and film to deconstruct how this scene is reinterpreted in the film. The scene that will be analysed will be Act 4, scene 1 in the topic of Structure and Filmic Staging. The first topic of analysis with regards to Structure and Filmic Staging is the contemporary setting of film. The 2010 Macbeth has reinterpreted the setting of the play. Goold s production maintains its mesmerising power compared to the original play. The underground network of tunnels, corridors, kitchens and a ballroom with no windows builds the sense of claustrophobia which they had created in the theatre. This unsettling atmosphere also helps when it comes to illustrating the edgy World War II aesthetic. Goold choses to tell the story with Macbeth as a Russian dictator cultivating a cult of personality in the 1940’s. This contrasts to the original play as Shakespeare’s Macbeth is set in the medieval time of Scotland. From Duncan’s campShow MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe first tragic story created in ancient Greece. Tragedies were written as a form of catharsis or purgation of emotions. In these types of plays, the audience finds characters in which they can relate to which is a tragic hero. The tragic hero creates his own failures based upon their own actions and produces a detrimental fate for himself. The process of the protagonist’s fall is based upon the tragic structure. The structure of a tragedy consists of the exposition, exciting force, hamartia, theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 PagesAs humans we are attracted to tragedy in our everyday lives. For the horror, understanding and contemplation of human nature what else can offer a better summary than Shakespeare? In the play the Tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare the story progresses through the vision of the protagonist, Macbeth. Throughout the story Macbeth aspires to obtain more power than his original position, as sergeant, provides. With many dastardly deeds he achieves the position of king, although he becomes a tyrantRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1023 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is one the greatest writer of all time. Writing hundreds of books and scripts, Shakespeare founded his most success in his plays in the 1589-1613. One of his most popular plays is the Tragedy of Macbeth. The Tragedy of Macbeth was a turn from glory to tragedy. A story of a true tragic hero. Macbeth is a brave soldier in a war for Scotland. A tale of a great soilder that was highly praise in his kingdom turn to a tragic murderous sinful king. Macbeth kill his friends and hisRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1497 Words   |  6 PagesPractise Essay William Shakespeare effectively explores and follows the framework of the tragedy, Macbeth; a tale of systematic suffering, which foreshadows and imminently leads to the death of a great man. Essentially, it is Macbeth’s flaw – his growing ambition – which leads to these harsh repercussions. Shakespeare demonstrates his tragedy, through Aristotle’s elements and definition of tragedy, which ultimately concerns the reversal of good fortune to bad. In â€Å"Macbeth†, ambition conspires withRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tragedy of Macbeth Literary Analysis In the play The Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare uses satire as tone and irony as points of view to portray Macbeth’s unfortunately placed ambition and the manipulation that is used on him. His ambition to gain a higher status as king ends with consequences to himself and the others in his path. Shakespeare adds dramatic irony, verbal irony, and situational irony to keep the readers at the edge of their seats as well as engaged in each lie and mishapRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare739 Words   |  3 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, the Death of King Duncan of Scotland occurred at Thane Macbeth’s castle, Inverness, at around four in the morning in about the year 1300. Before the murder, Macbeth imagined seeing a bloody dagger floating before him, making it appear as if he was not totally sane. The reason the murder happened was because Macbeth had met three witches in the woods that prophesized to him that he would become king of Scotland. Afterwards, Macbeth sent a letterRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare972 Words   |  4 PagesIn the Tragedy of Macbeth, William Shakespeare utilizes a series of themes through the behaviors of many different characters. Some themes seen more clearly throughout the play are those of monarchy, tyranny, and gender. Perhaps the most prominent theme in the whole play is that of the â€Å"unsexing† of Lacy Macbeth’s character. Lady Macbeth wants to act in such a way that is not connected to her gender; we see this and how it relates to the plot and her part in both the rising action and climax in theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1052 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish II 2 October, 2015 â€Å"Tragedy† of Macbeth Macbeth, a play written by one of the most influential English writers of all time William Shakespeare. It was created to be a Shakespearean tragedy. A tragedy as Aristotle defines it as: â€Å"Tragedy, then, is an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude †¦. through pity and fear effecting the proper purgation of these emotions† (Aristotle: Poetics). What this is saying for a tragedy is that it should have the audienceRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1582 Words   |  7 Pagesto you and told you would be king would you trust them? Macbeth did and ultimately it led to his tragic demise. The tragedy of Macbeth was written by famous poet William Shakespeare in the earl sixteen hundredth. The play dramatizes the destructive physical and mental effects of radical ambition for people who seek authority for the benefit of an individual. Macbeth’s theme of ambition, lust for power, faith, and gullibility makes Macbeth his own antagonist, which is directly correlated to his deathRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1290 Words   |  6 Pagesdetrimentally. This is evident in the play, The Tragedy of Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare through Macbeth’s interpretation of the witches’ prophecies, perception of the security of his throne, and interpretation of what his life has become. First, Macbeth’s interpretation of the witches’ prophecies became the principle of his actions that caused for his identity to descent. To begin with, the three weird sisters presented Macbeth with three prophecies where the first two, Thane

Macbeth - 757 Words

Supernatural: â€Å"Fair is foul and foul is fair | Hover through the fog and filthy air† (augmenting earlier references to thunder, lightning and rain). â€Å"Though his bark cannot be lost | Yet it shall be tempest tossed† Witches â€Å"You should be women and yet your beards forbid me to interpret that you are so† Banquo â€Å"If you can look into the seeds of time | and say which grain will go and which will not | Speak to me then† Banquo â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me | the handle towards my hand?â€Å" â€Å"Come, you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty! Make thick my blood; stop up the access and passage to remorse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Come, thick night, and pall thee in the†¦show more content†¦Lest our old robes sit easier than our new† Macduff to Ross, 2,4 â€Å"Now does he fell his title hang loose about him, like a giant’s robe upon a dwarfish thief† Angus, 5,2 Blood Imagery: â€Å"What bloody man is that?† Duncan, 1,3 â€Å"He unseamed him from the nave to th’ chops and fixed his head upon our battlements† Injured soldier 1,3 â€Å"I’ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt† Lady Macbeth â€Å"Will all great Neptune’s oceans wash clear this blood from my hand? No this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine making the green one red† Macbeth â€Å"A little water clears us of this deed† Lady Macbeth â€Å"Here lay Duncan, his silver skin laced with his golden blood† Macbeth, ironically, explaining his murder of the grooms. â€Å"Blood will have blood† Macbeth â€Å"I am in blood stepp’d in so far that should I wade no more, returning were as tedious as go o’er† Macbeth â€Å"My soul is too much charged with blood of thine already† Macbeth â€Å"Out out damned spot† Lady Macbeth â€Å"Who would have thought the old man to have so much blood in him?† Lady Macbeth â€Å"All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand† Lady Macbeth Nature / Weather / Animal Imagery: â€Å"So foul and fair a day I have not seen† Macbeth â€Å"IShow MoreRelatedMacbeth : Macbeth 1411 Words   |  6 PagesPeter Klimek Mrs. Moeller Macbeth Rough Draft 3/7/16 Ambitionz Az Macbeth Macbeth is a character in a play by Shakespeare with a tragic flaw. He had a quick rise to power and shortly after that a fall. Macbeth’s tragic downfall is a consequence of his vaulting ambition which is fueled by greed, fear and arrogance. Lady Macbeth and the three witches also have a major key in influencing his emotions. They manipulated the emotions he felt so he acted more rashly on them. Macbeth was a guy that couldRead MoreMacbeth Essays : Macbeth 1064 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth Analytical Essay In life, there are two types of people: those who do the right thing and those who don’t. In the play Macbeth, by Shakespeare, the main character Macbeth is given a prophecy by three witches that says he will become king; however, there is no descending line of kings of his own blood. With the knowledge of the Witches’ prophecy, Macbeth’s ambition, and manipulation from his wife, Lady Macbeth, Macbeth is quickly dragged into a never-ending, bloody murder rampage to obtainRead MoreMacbeth - Imagery in Macbeth1331 Words   |  6 Pagesart of making images, the products of imagination. In the play Macbeth Shakespeare applies the imagery of clothing, darkness and blood. (listed from least to most), Each detail is his imagery, it seems to contain an important symbol of the play. Symbols that the reader must understand if they are to interpret either the passage or the play as a whole. Within the play Macbeth the imagery of clothing portrays that Macbeth is seeking to hide his disgraceful self from his eyes and othersRead MoreMacbeth864 Words   |  4 Pagesimagination. In any piece of literature, imagery plays a significant role in illustrating the characters. In the play, Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, the characters of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are developed through the use of clothing, sleep, and blood imagery. Through the use of clothing imagery, Shakespeare exposes and develops the character of Macbeth. In the beginning, Macbeth is seen as loyal soldier of King Duncan. When presented with the title of Thane of Cawdor, he says Why do you dressRead MoreMacbeth1700 Words   |  7 PagesThe Loyalty of Masculinity In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth the main theme of loyalty is explored throughout the play by main characters. Loyalty can be defined as faithfulness or unwavering devotion to a person or cause. Duncan, Banquo, Macduff and Macbeth are all essential characters who are given opportunities to express their loyalty, however it is the different ways in which these characters choose to be loyal or disloyal that shape the play as a whole. It is the character’s loyalty and/orRead MoreMacBeth867 Words   |  4 Pagesart, and Cawdor, and shalt be what thou art promised. Yet for I fear thy nature; It is too full o’th’ milk of human kindness to catch the nearest way† (Shakespeare 1.5.12-15). Lady Macbeth is the bad influence Macbeth has in his life that persuades him into killing King Duncan and rushes into being King. Before Macbeth became paranoid after the brutal death of King Duncan, he was a worthy captain of the kings army. â€Å"The service and the loya lty I owe in doing it pays itself. Your Highness’ part isRead MoreMacbeth1038 Words   |  5 Pageswith it?  Would you do  right or wrong? To ignore the premonitions  or to go ahead,  knowing that if you do go ahead you would  destroy the natural order? This is what Macbeth had to solve within himself,  his internal conflict. Ladies and Gentlemen, an overriding theme of conflict is established within William Shakespeare’s tragic play â€Å"Macbeth†. Conflict. What is conflict? We simply define conflict as the struggle between opposite forces or different opinions between people. Though it doesn’t always haveRead MoreMacbeth739 Words   |  3 PagesSynopsis Macbeth  is a play about a Scottish nobleman who learns, from a prophecy given to him by three witches, that he is to become king. When Macbeths ambition overcomes his moral judgement, he assassinates the reigning king and fulfils the prophecy. In doing so, however, he undermines his own rule with insecurity - insecurity he created when he upset the natural succession to the throne. Beheaded in battle, Macbeths death allows the rightful heir to reclaim the throne and order is restoredRead MoreMacbeth1388 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth: Character Analysis The Tragedy of Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, is about a soldier, Macbeth, and his friend, Banquo, who meet up with three strange witches who share prophecies with the two men. Macbeth is told that he will become king someday and rule the land of Scotland. The rest of the play follows the actions of once a loyal soldier turned into a greedy king, who seeks to hold the crown forever no matter what the consequences may be. Throughout the play Macbeth displays himselfRead MoreMacbeth2576 Words   |  11 PagesGolden Macbeth * Do you sympathize with Macbeth? Why or why not? Considering whether or not to feel sympathy for Macbeth can be based upon whether or not you think Macbeth has any control of his own destiny. If you think of Macbeth as a pawn in his own game, then you can feel sympathy. He is controlled by the witches, who promise him the crown, at exactly the right time when he has just been promoted to Thane of Cawdor. The witches give him something else to strive for. Macbeth is also

Employee Motivation Sample Introduction on Management & Motivation

Question: Describe about the Management and Motivation? Answer: Executive Summary Motivation can be defined as a series of action performed by the managers, supervisors or coworkers within an organization so as to bring out the actual potential of the work force. Motivational activities have become very much relevant in almost all organization. It has become an essential factor so as to make the employees to reach their objectives (Nohria, Groysberg and Lee, 2008). Managers in an organization should understand the importance of motivation and its impact over the employees. Through motivation managers can put a hold or control over the behavior of the employees in a positive way. A manager can certainly instill the motivation into employees and can draw the desired output from them through various motivational techniques. Managers adopts various approaches of motivation like monetary, non monetary, rewarding system, recognition etc for motivating the employees (Cruz, Prez Cantero, 2009). There are various theories of motivation highlighted in the scientific and mo dern management theories. The managers can take these theories as their guidelines and can implement it on their employees based on the work place situation and the organizational policies. Each employee within an organization will be different and varied behaviors. The managers should have the ability to understand those behaviors and should adopt appropriate motivational approaches. The managers should identify appropriate strategies for implementing these strategies. This paper discuss about the management and motivational approaches (Kimball, Nink, 2006). This paper highlights various motivational theories and its importance and relevance in the modern organization. Various motivational theories like content and process theories are explained and their differences are highlighted in this paper. Introduction Employee motivation is the amount of dynamism, assurance, ingenuity that a corporation's employees put on to their businesses. In the progressively economical professional surroundings of current years, seeking methods to inspire personnel has turn out to be an insistent worry for numerous executives. Actually, a number of diverse philosophies approaches of worker motivation have occurred, fluctuating from financial inducements to augmented participation authorization. Worker inspiration can from time to time be chiefly difficult for small companies, where the proprietor frequently has spent numerous years constructing a corporation that he/she finds it tough to delegate significant accountabilities to others. But businesspersons must be watchful of such kind of drawbacks, for the effects of low worker motivation on small businesses can be shattering (Bruce, 2006). Some of the difficulties related with apathetic labors comprise satisfaction, deteriorating confidence, and extensive dissuasion. If allowable to endure, these glitches can decrease output, remunerations, and effectiveness in a small business. In the managing process employee motivation is considered as an important part. A team of highly qualified and motivated employees is necessary for achieving objectives of an organization. It is only through motivation process, they contribute maximum for accomplishing goals. Motivation has a direct relationship with the performance of the employees. If a manager could properly motivate employees by identifying their needs then they can create good achievements. There are various ways through which the management motivates their employees (Hafiza, Shah, Jamsheed Zaman, 2011). The managers can motivate their employees both in formal and informal ways. In some organizations the managers will involve employees in decision making process, putting forward their opinions and ideas, assisting in formulating various strategies etc. These actions form the indirect form of motivating employees. Providing relevant training and development can build the confidence and the potential of the emplo yees, which can motivate them positively. It will help the employees to put their maximum effort to increase their productivity. They also adopt various theories of motivation that supports their mode of motivation (Shanks, 2006). Management And Motivation How employee is Motivated? One tactic to employee motivation has been to outlook "add-ins" to a person's work as the chief issues in refining presentation. Infinite combinations of worker aidssuch as well-being care, life insurance, earnings involvement, worker stock proprietorship strategies, workout amenities, funded mealtime procedures, child care accessibility, business cars, etc. have been used by corporations in their struggles to uphold content workers in the confidence that contented personnel are inspired staffs. Many contemporary philosophers, though, suggest that the inspiration a worker senses toward his or her work has a lesser amount of to do with measurable rewards than with the design of the occupation itself (Elding, Tobias Walker, 2006). Readings as far back as 1950 have displayed that extremely segmented and streamlined works caused in lesser worker confidence productivity. Additional significances of little worker inspiration comprise absence and great income, mutually of which are very expensive for any business. Consequently, "job enlargement" resourcefulness bring into being to crop up in chief corporations in the 1950s. In small industries, which might nonexistence the capitals to pass official worker inspiration plans, bosses can nevertheless achieve the similar rudimentary philosophies. So as to aid staffs sense like their occupations are significant and that there influences are appreciated to the business, the small corporate proprietor desires to connect the business's drive to workers (Herrera, 2002). This message must take the procedure of arguments as well as actions. Furthermore, the small industry proprietor must set high morals for workers, but too continue helpful of their hard work when goalmouths cant be stretch to. It might likewise be obliging to let workers as ample independence and elasticity as conceivable in how their works are done. Originality will be fortified if truthful errors are amended but not chastised. Lastly, the small industry proprietor must take stages to include the idea of staffs for the business with his or her own idea. This will inspire personnel to donate to the small company's objectives, in addition to aid avert inactivity in its way and persistence. Methods of Motivation: There are as numerous dissimilar approaches of inspiring workers nowadays as there are businesses functioning in the worldwide commercial setting. Still, certain plans are predominant through all governments determined to recover worker inspiration. The finest worker inspiration hard work will center on what the workers believe to be significant (Hunter, 2014). It might be that workers inside the similar subdivision of the similar association will have dissimilar instigators. Several establishments nowadays discover that suppleness in job strategy and recompense schemes has caused in workers' augmented permanency with the corporation, better output, and improved confidence. Authorization: Giving workers more accountability supervisory right upsurges their dominion of control above the jobs for which they're held answerable improved equips them to convey out those jobs (Park, 2014). Consequently, moods of hindrance ascending from being held responsible for somewhat one doesnt have the capitals to carry out are reduced. Dynamism is distracted from self-protection to better task achievement. Ingenuity Modernization: At many corporations, workers with imaginative thoughts dont prompt them to administration for fright that their contribution will be overlooked or mocked. When the authority to make in the association is pressed down from the highest to track personnel, workers who know an occupation, invention, or facility best are specified the chance to practice their thoughts to advance it (Korzynski, 2013). The influence to generate inspires workers aids the association in taking an additional flexible labor force, by means of additional astutely the involvement of its workers, snowballing the discussion of thoughts info amongst staffs sections. These developments too make a directness to alter that can give a corporation the aptitude to reply rapidly to marketplace fluctuations withstand a chief motivator benefit in the market. Learning: On the off chance that workers are given the apparatuses and the chances to finish all the more, most will tackle the test. Organizations can inspire workers to attain to all the more by focusing on interminable improvement of representative abilities. Accreditation and permitting projects for workers are an undeniably famous and powerful approach to realize development in worker learning and inspiration. Frequently, these plans progress workers' approaches in the direction of the customer the corporation, while boosting confidence (Mitchell, Holtom Lee, 2001). Subsidiary this declaration, a study of influences which effect inspiration-to-absorb create that it is openly connected to the amount to which exercise members consider that such contribution will move their work or profession usefulness. In other words, if the frame of information gained can be smeared to the effort to be accomplished, then the achievement of that information will be a valuable occasion for the worker bos s. Class Of Life Cycle: The amount of hours worked every week by American workforces is on the increase, numerous relatives have 2 grownups employed those augmented periods. Below these conditions, numerous workforces are gone speculating how to encounter the loads of their lives yonder the work. Frequently, this anxiety happens despite the fact that at work might decrease a worker's output confidence (Walls, 2007). Corporations that have introduced supple worker preparations have increased stirred workers whose output has augmented. Plans integrating flextime, shortened workweeks, or job allocation, for instance, have been efficacious in concentrating overcome workers near the work to be done and away from the strains of their secluded lives. Financial Enticement: For all the defending of other instigators, cash still inhabits a main place in the mix of instigators. The allocation of a corporation's incomes gives inducement to workforces to produce a value creation, do a value service, or develop the worth of a procedure in the corporation. What aids the corporation openly profits the worker (Hunter, 2014). Financial additional rewards are being specified to workers for making cost-savings or process-improving thoughts, to increase efficiency decrease absence. Money is in effect when it is openly knotted to a worker's thoughts or activities. Nonetheless, if not joined with additional, non- financial instigators, its inspiring effects are brief. Additional, fiscal enticements can ascertain counter- prolific if not prepared accessible to all associates of the association. Additional Inducements: Research after research has establish that the most real instigators of workforces are non- financial. Financial schemes are inadequate persuaders, partly as prospects frequently surpass consequences since difference amid paid persons might split somewhat than bond workers. Confirmed non- financial confident instigators nurture squad inner self comprise credit, accountability, progression (Bruce, 2006). Bosses who identify the "small wins" of staffs, indorse participating surroundings, and pleasure staffs with justice and admiration will discover their workers to be more extremely interested. One corporation's bosses devised to come up with 30 influential rewards that cost little or nil to implement. The maximum operative rewards, for example letters of praise and time off from work, improved individual contentment and self-esteem. Over the lengthier term, genuine admiration individual signs are far new real more inexpensive than prizes of cash only (Herrera, 2002). At long last, a platform that syndicates fiscal reward schemes contents inherent, self- objectifying wants might be the maximum strong worker instigator. Inspiration in place of work can make anticipated production from the workforces. Bosses can professionally impart inspiration into workers over some well-organized approaches like training. Coaching is the training session conducted for the employees to develop their technical knowledge, interpersonal skills, personality etc. This session will provide them with confidence and will bring out their efficiency to perform a particular task in a better way. This can motivate the employees in a positive way. Coaching can be provided to employees on the job as well as off the job. A manager can select the method of coaching depending on the nature of work and the behavior of the employees (Ledgerwood Petry, 2006). While considering the theories of motivation there are three types of motivation which includes content theory of motivation, process theory and reinforcement theory of motivation. Content theory highlights which factors motivates the employees in a work place. Process theory highlights why an employee should be motivated and how they should be motivated. The reinforcement theory highlights how the outcome of a process influences the behavior of the employees (Dembo, Seli, 2007).). Some theories which under pins these concepts are mentioned below: Content Theory This theory is associated with identifying various factors that can motivate the employees. The theories which comes under this is: Maslows Hierarchy of needs According to his theory of needs when the lower level need of an employee is satisfied then his need for higher level rises. His hierarchical pyramid of needs includes physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Once a manager is successful in fulfilling those needs he or she will be motivated (Gagn Deci, 2005). Alderfers ERG Theory This theory explains existence, relatedness and growth needs of the employees. Existence explains the willingness of an employee for physiological well-being. Relatedness is his desire to get satisfied in his interpersonal relationship. Growth explains career and personal growth and development (Griffin, Moorhead, 2011). Herzbergs two factor Theory According to this theory there are two factors that can motivate or de-motivate the workers in a work place. They are satisfiers or motivators and dis-satisfiers or hygiene factors respectively. Motivators include achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement and growth. Hygiene factors include company policy, supervision, and good relationship with boss and peers, working condition and salary (Jones, Lloyd, 2005). McClellands three-need theory This theory explains the need for achievement of personal goals, need for competence to deliver timely and quality work. It also explains the power of an employee to influence others and affiliation to relate people efficiently (Latham, Pinder, 2005). Process Theory Adams equity Theory Adams theory of job motivation explains that there are several variable factors, which can influence the assessment and perception of the employees about their job and their employers. According to this theory a fair balance should be maintained between the employee input and the output. The employee input includes hard work, skill level, tolerance, enthusiasm etc and an employee's output includes salary, benefits, recognition etc (Falk, Fischbacher, 2006). Reinforcement Theory According to this theory an individuals behavior is considered as a function of its consequences. It explains that the positive consequences of a particular behavior will tend an employee to repeat it and negative consequences will tend an employee to not to repeat it. Here the manager can have a control over the employee behavior through the adopting the methods like positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment, extinction etc (Yang, XU. WANG, ZHAO, 2005). Goal-Setting Theory This theory explains that if a specific task or goal is allocated to the employee and if they are well aware of their objectives and responsibilities then they will be motivated to do work. The vagueness and uncertainty in the goal may affect their performance and hence gets de-motivated. Challenging goals with adequate support and feedback can make the employee to contribute higher performance (Locke, Latham, 2006). Vrooms Expectancy Theory According to this theory an employee is influenced by several factors when he is accomplishing several tasks. Those factors include probability of completing those tasks and the output of the task. The employee opinion can be influenced by the factors like expectancy, valence and instrumentality (Lunenburg, 2011). When comparing the various theories of motivations which underpin content theory and process theory it can be concluded that the content theory explains various factors that motivates employees and process theory explains how and why an employee should be motivated. John Holland theory of personality and job fit is another theory of motivating the employees at workplace. According to his theory of personality traits and job fit the personality of the employees can be categorized into six. All employees fall under any one of this category and chooses careers according to it (Korzynski, 2013). The managers can assess these personality traits through several career key tests and can select employees according to the organizational needs. The personality traits explained by Holland are Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Realistic employees are so practical and have good working skills with tools. Investigative employees are more precise, scientific and intellectual. They possess good problem solving and decision making skills. Artistic employees are more creative and are more expressive and independent. Social employees are more helping minded and will love to work in a team. They are trust worthy and friendly. Enterprising employees are ambitious, energetic etc. They possess good leadership skills. Conventional employees are goal oriented. Managers can also use these personality traits to motivate them. On the theoretical obverse, Turner Lawrence recommended that therere 3 elementary features of an "inspiring" job: 1. It need to let an employee to sense individually accountable for an expressive share of the effort accomplished. An operative need to sense possession of and linking with the effort he or she does. Though in-group circumstances, a fruitful struggle will substitute a consciousness in a separate that his or her aids were vital in achieving the group's accountabilities. 2. It need to deliver consequences which have inherent sense to the person. Actual effort that doesnt clue an employee to sense that his or her labors trouble will not be upheld. The consequence of a worker's effort should consume worth to himself or herself and to additional people in the association. 3. It should deliver the worker with response about his/ her activities. A positive, credible analysis of the effort executed is vital to an employee's inspiration to advance. Though vocabulary variations, the creeds of worker incentive continue comparatively unaffected from conclusions over half a century before (Park, 2014). Nowadays catchwords comprise "authorization," "excellence spheres," and "cooperation." Altogether of these standings prove the 3 features of inspiring occupations usual out in the philosophy of Turner Lawrence. Authorization offers individuality lets an operative to take possession of thoughts actions, whether performing only or in squads. Excellence spheres the cumulative incidence of squads in nowadays effort surroundings offer staffs chances to emphasize the significance of the effort talented by memberships in addition to obtain response on the effectiveness of that effort. Performance monitoring source distribution procedures: Reasonable, dependable see-through procedures for presentation managing and resource allocation aid to encounter publics drive to guard. RBS, for example, has functioned firm to create its judgment procedures very perfect. Workers might differ with a specific consequence, for example the nixing of a pet project, but then again theyre capable to comprehend the basis behindhand the choice. Cross-business unit squads that create conclusions by means of pure standards, for example the influence on corporation monetary presentation, study novel technology activities at RBS. In reviews, workers boom that the procedure is reasonable and that subsidy standards are see-through. Though RBS is a challenging association, staffs also understand it as an impartial one. Conclusion Even though workers seek to diverse fundamentals of their association to please dissimilar drives, they presume their bosses to do their finest to talk all four inside the restraints that the organization levies. The reviews indicate that if workers noticed that a boss was considerably poorer than her aristocrats in satisfying even just one drive, they valued that administrator below par, even if the business altogether had important limits (Mitchell, Holtom Lee, 2001). Staffs are certainly very reasonable about winning a big-picture outlook and seeing a administrator in the setting of a bigger organization, but they do certain appealing fine-grained assessment yonder those administrative warnings. In brief, they are truthful about what administrators cant do, but too about what administrators must be competent to do in gathering all the rudimentary wants of their underlings. At the monetary amenities firm we learnt, for instance, one executive outpaced his aristocrats on satisfying juniors efforts to obtain, link, understand. Though, his assistants specified that his capability to encounter their effort to protect be under the usual of other executives in the corporation (Herrera, 2002). Therefore, heights of effort commitment and administrative guarantee were inferior in-group than in the business altogether. In spite of this administrators bigger capability to bear out three of the four drives, his comparative flaw on the one aspect spoiled the whole motivational shape of his group. From this paper it is evident that the process of motivation can make the working atmosphere smooth and happier. Such atmosphere can increase the productivity of the organization. Proper definition and description of the concept of motivation is described in this paper. The importance of the managers to adhere with the concept of motivation is also described clearly. This paper has developed a map on the various motivational theories that has been proposed in the management papers (Walls, 2007). The concept and relevance of these theories are explained in this paper. Through this paper it has been concluded that managers can instill motivation into the employees. Managers can motivate employees through various approaches like coaching, training and development, role modeling, mentoring, monitoring etc. The approach of coaching is highlighted in this paper. Various theories like two-factor theory; Maslows theory, ERG theory, vrooms theory etc are explained in this paper. The differenc e between process theory and content theory is highlighted. The theory of John Holland that explains the personality traits and job fitness are explained here. The content theories and process theories of motivation are explained in this paper and their differences are highlighted. References Bassett-Jones, N., Lloyd, G. C. (2005). Does Herzberg's motivation theory have staying power?. Journal of Management Development, 24(10), 929-943. Bruce, A. (2006).How to motivate every employee. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Dembo, M. H., Seli, H. (2007), Motivation and learning strategies for college success: A self-management approach. Routledge. Elding, D., Tobias, A., Walker, D. (2006). Towards a unified model of employee motivation.Strat. Change,15(6), 295-304. doi:10.1002/jsc.771 Falk, A., Fischbacher, U. (2006). A theory of reciprocity, Games and Economic Behavior, 54(2), 293-315. Gagn, M., Deci, E. L. (2005). Self determination theory and work motivation, Journal of Organizational behavior, 26(4), 331-362. Griffin, R., Moorhead, G. (2011). Organizational behavior. Cengage Learning. Hafiza, N. S., Shah, S. S., Jamsheed, H., Zaman, K. (2011). Relationship between rewards and employee s Motivation in the non-profit organizations of Pakistan. Business Intelligence Journal, 4(2), 327-334. Herrera, F. (2002). Demystifying employee motivation.Employ. Relat. Today,28(4), 37-52. doi:10.1002/ert.10014 Hunter, P. (2014). Motivating teams requires attention to individuals.EMBO Rep,15(1), 25-27. doi:10.1002/embr.201338246 Kimball, L. S., Nink, C. E. (2006). How to improve employee motivation, commitment, productivity, well-being and safety. Corrections Today, 68(3), 66. Korzynski, P. (2013). Employee motivation in new working environment.International Journal Of Academic Research,5(5), 184-188. doi:10.7813/2075-4124.2013/5-5/b.28 Ledgerwood, D. M., Petry, N. M. (2006). Does contingency management affect motivation to change substance use?. Drug and alcohol dependence, 83(1), 65-72. Lunenburg, F. C. (2011). Expectancy theory of motivation: motivating by altering expectations. International Journal of management, business, and administration, 15(1), 1-6. Latham, G. P., Pinder, C. C. (2005). Work motivation theory and research at the dawn of the twenty-first century. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 56, 485-516. Locke, E. A., Latham, G. P. (2006). New directions in goal-setting theory, Current directions in psychological science, 15(5), 265-268 Martn Cruz, N., Martn Prez, V., Trevilla Cantero, C. (2009), The influence of employee motivation on knowledge transfer, Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(6), 478-490 Mitchell, T., Holtom, B., Lee, T. (2001). How to keep your best employees: Developing an effective retention policy.Academy Of Management Executive,15(4), 96-108. doi:10.5465/ame.2001.5897929 Nohria, N., Groysberg, B and Lee, L. (2008), Employee motivation: A powerful new model. Harvard Business Review, 86(7/8), 78. Park, S. (2014). Motivation of Public Managers as Raters in Performance Appraisal: Developing a Model of Rater Motivation.Public Personnel Management,43(4), 387-414. doi:10.1177/0091026014530675 Shanks, N. H. (2006). Management and motivation. Introduction to Health Care Management, 23 Yang, Q., XUE, L. J., WANG, R. K., ZHAO, W. G. (2005). Reinforcement Theory Considering Deformation Mechanism Of Rock Mass And Non-Equlibriem Elasto-Plastic Mechanics [J], Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 20, 015 Walls, R. (2007). How to keep productivity and employees humming during a facilities move.Employ. Relat. Today,33(4), 21-28. doi:10.1002/ert.20126

Documents Include Copy Notice Of Meeting â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Documents Include Copy Notice Of Meeting? Answer: Introducation In case law Hillam v Ample Source International (No 2) [2012] FCAFC 73, Court stated that it was necessary to wind up the solvent company in those situations when minority shareholders of the company have been oppressed. It must be noted that some of the common area are listed below, in which Court usually find the oppression on part of the company: When excessive remuneration is paid by the executive shareholders of the company. Directors or majority shareholder restrict the dividend of the company without any justifiable reason. Reducing the interest of the shareholder in the companys stake by adopting means which are not fair (Zammit, 2011). Application: In the present case, Mario and siblings of Mario are not happy about the thing that Jason has been stirring up with the grandchildren of Galli, because as per their operations grandchildren of Galli are lazy and not deserving. Board of GML decided not to pay dividend to the A class of share, and keep that amount as retained earnings for the purpose of using that fund for the development of organic vineyard at Robinvale. In this case, grandchildrens of Galli can take action under section 232 of the Act for the purpose of making the Court to order under section 233 of the Act. In this case, oppression is present because board of GML satisfied the provisions of section 232 as act of the company or on behalf of the company contravenes the interest of members of the company or oppressive and unfair against the interest of the members. Therefore, court can make order either to pay the dividend to the minority shareholders or wound up the company. Grandchildrens of Galli can take action under section 232 of the Act for the purpose of making the Court to order under section 233 of the Act. Buy back of shares is considered as a process under which company re-acquires its own stock. This can be understood as company buy its shares back from the shareholders of the company. In Australia, rules of buy back of shares are stated by ASIC and Corporation Act 2001. Buy back must be conducted as per the provisions stated by corporation Act and ASIC otherwise such buy back is void. Section 257A of the Corporation Act 2001 states, company has power to buy back its shares unless: Such buy back of shares affect the ability of the company to make payment to its creditors. Procedure stated for this purpose is not followed by the company (Corporation Act, 2001). Provisions of Corporation Act 2001 defines five types of buy back of shares, and as per these provisions different rules are applied on shares buy back which involve 10% or less shares to be purchased within the period of twelve months and share buy-back involves over 10%%. This limit is also known as 10/12 limit and it is stated under section 257 B (4) and 257 B (5) of the Corporations Act 2001. Requirement stated under share buy back within the 10/12 limits are less onerous in nature (Corporation Act, 2001). Following are some benefits of share buy-back: Buy back shares strongly supports the share price of the company. It increases the earning per share of the company. It ensures positive management of the company (Money, 2017). In the present case, it is advisable for A class shareholders to compel the directors of the company to buy back their shares at the price which is decided by the independent experts. However, business-law must be conducted as per the above stated provisions of Corporation Act 2001. Reduction of share capital is considered as process under which company returned the lament made by member in lieu of shares of the company to the member. Section 256B of the Corporation Act 2001 states, company has power to reduce its share capital if: Such reduction is fair and reasonable to the companys shareholders. Reduction does not affect the ability of company to make payment to its creditors. Reduction must be approved by the shareholders of the company under section 256C. It must be noted that cancellation of share for no consideration can be considered as reduction of share capital (Corporation Act, 2001). Section 256C of the Act states, ordinary resolution is necessary for the purpose of making equal reduction and such resolution must be passed at the general meeting of the company. Special resolution is necessary for the purpose of making selective reduction and such resolution must be passed at the general meeting of the company. There is an exception to this rule which states resolution can also be passed which is agreed by all the ordinary shareholders. Special resolution must be passed by the company if reduction of share capital involves cancellation of shares by the shareholders whose shares have been cancelled. Company must file copy of resolution with ASIC within the period of 14 days after the resolution has been passed. Company must issue notice of the general meeting in which such resolution has been passed, and such notice contain all the material information related to the decision and also how to cast vote on the resolution. Company must lodge following documents with the ASIC for the purpose of reduction of share capital: It must be noted that these documents must be filed with ASIC before issuing notice to the shareholders and these documents include copy of notice of the meeting which company sends to its shareholders and any document which related with the reduction of share capital for which company sends notice to the members (Corporation Act, 2001). References: Corporation Act 2001- Section 232. Corporation Act 2001- Section 233. Corporation Act 2001- Section 256B. Corporation Act 2001- Section 256C. Corporation Act 2001- Section 257A. Corporation Act 2001- Section 257B. Hillam v Ample Source International management [2012] FCAFC 73. Money, S. (2017). Share buybacks: who really benefits. Viewed at: https://www.ft.com/content/4c61165a-e98a-11e4-b863-00144feab7de?mhq5j=e6. Accessed on 28th September 2017. Zammit, M. (2011). Shareholders Opression. Viewed at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdb/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/. Accessed on 28th September 2017

Socrates Essays (865 words) - Socratic Dialogues, Dialogues Of Plato

Socrates While reading Plato's Meno, Euthyphro, apology, and Crito, it became apparent that Socrates held very strong beliefs about the relationship between law and morality. Socrates makes it clear about the reasons laws should be or not be followed. He also clarifies his stand on why laws should be followed and why disobedience to the law is rarely justified. Socrates views humanity in the context that anybody is capable of wrongdoing. He continues with the elaboration that even returning an injury upon oneself is wrong. Socrates then makes a connection between the city and morality. If one is acting without the city's allowance, one is doing wrong toward the city and it's laws. Behaving wrongly towards the people is also doing wrong against the city. The wrongdoing would become a way of destroying the cities laws, and hurting citizens in the process. Socrates compares this relationship to that of how a child should not cause harm to his parents. By doing so you disrespect the laws within the city. Causing harm to your father would lead to conviction; further illustrating the fact that wrong against the law is a wrong against everybody who abides by that law. Socrates follows this by examining what each citizen is taught. From birth you are told to obey laws. You were brought to life from your mother and father and thus you should respect and obey the rules that they do. But the cities laws were there before you mother and father, and are therefor equally if not more important than the laws of your mother and father. The city's law should be respected at least as equally as one's parents should. Socrates then goes on to explain that you do not have the same rights as your parents. Because they have taught what is right and wrong, it is immoral to treat your parents as they treat you. Your parents must have a higher position than you because they taught you. This thought is then extended to the city with the quote ?One must obey the commands of one's city and country, or persuade it as to the nature of justice. It is impious to bring violence to bear against your mother or father, it is much more so to use it against you country.? (Crito, 46) One should obey your parents, but more important is the city. Because the city was that which has taught your ancestors and your parents, it must be superior to them. The cities laws being superior to your mother or father, should be respected and followed. Socrates explains his thoughts of the city and its rules as the nature of life. We were welcomed into the world by the city so it is immoral to fight against it. The laws should be ac cepted and followed. But one should not obey a law just because it is a law. What is moral has been taught to us by our parents, and to them from the city. It is their opinion that will tell us if our actions are moral or not. However, one aspect of the city and its laws is that you are not forced to do as it dictates. As Socrates explains, you have two options, to obey the law or not. But in regards to Socrates opinion, it is not another's opinion to decide what is right and wrong for us. But just as children argue with their parents, one doesn't have to do everything that he is told to. It is an immoral life to follow others opinions about morality. From Euthyphro Socrates opinion on how disobedience can be justified is shown. When Euthyhro accuses his father of murder, he states ?I say that the pious to do what I am doing now, to prosecute the wrongdoer, be it about murder or temple robbery or anything else, whether the wrongdoer is your father or your mother or anyone else; not to prosecute is impious.? (Euthyphro, 22) In this case, Socrates is defending himself. He doesn't believe in all the God's ideas and is justifying his opinion. He has similar thoughts about morality when he states ?I find it hard to accept things like that being said about the

New Service Development Essay Essay Example

New Service Development Essay Essay Example New Service Development Essay Essay New Service Development Essay Essay New Service Development (NSD) Essay The difference between the new product development process (NPD) and the new service development process (NSD) is the involvement of customers in services. A service is an intangible good that relies and focuses heavily on customer involvement and experience. Four main characteristics of services outlined by Alam Perry (2002) are intangibility, heterogeneity, perishability and inseparability and it is because of these characteristics that the NSD and NPD process differ. Whilst extensive research has been carried out in the area of NPD, little attention has been paid to the specifics of NSD. Three key issues have been outlined by Alam and Perry (2002). The first issue is that little effort has been made to propose NSD models. Only two linear NSD models have been proposed however neither address important stages such as the development of the cross-functional team or parallel processing which leads to cycle time reduction. Secondly there is limited knowledge of the nature of the NSD stages in service firms and how they are to be managed. Finally Alam and Perry highlighted that many firms don’t realise the importance of the customer because they do not obtain information or involve them in their NSD process. The role of the customer in a service is the most crucial. Unlike a mass produced product, a service is an experience, which involves a heterogenic interaction between the customer and the service provider. A service is more flexible than a product and able to meet the changing needs of the customer more quickly. In order to be successful, services need to meet the customers’ individual needs hopefully leaving a positive impression on the customer. Services are continually evaluated by the customer, with the customer evaluating the sum of its parts; if one area performs poorly, then the whole service results in a low evaluation. This is why feedback at every stage of the service is essential. Feedback allows the service provider to identify areas that need development in order to improve the customers’ next experience. With this in mind Alam and Perry (2002) suggest a NSD process that is customer orientated, involving the customer in all stages of the NSD process outlined in the below table. Alam and Perry (2002) propose 2, 10 stage NSD models, one linear and one parallel. The model incorporates the key stages of idea generation, idea screening and the development of a cross-functional team. By providing a parallel model, Alam and Perry offer a NSD process that suggest stages that can be carried out concurrently in order to fast track development. Such a process is very useful in the development of services where speed is essential due to threats of competitor replication (service ideas cannot be patented). In contrast, the NPD process is much slower (whilst speed is still important) it is essential that the product be perfected before it is launched. Products are able to be patented whilst service ideas are not which is why the element of speed is a differentiating factor between the NSD and NPD process. However they still suggest a sequential, linear model which would result in a more thorough NSD process to be carried out. The appropriateness of each model depends on individual circumstances. When developing a new service it is belived that customer orientation creates superior customer value and service quality inevitably enhancing customer satisfaction. This highlights the necessity of involving the customer at each stage of the NSD process as Alam and Perry (2002) suggest in their model. Additionally, service delivery personnel are in the best position to receive feedback from the customer because they are in actual contact with the customers. Crawford Di Benedetto (2011) recommend that service delivery personnel be involved in the concept generation phase whereby they can provide real-life insight, identifying problem areas and offer their solutions. This is similar to the NPD stage of problem based ideation, whereby they discover and analyse the problem in order to fix it. However Because new services are much easier to implement than the generation of an entire product, the NSD process is much faster with a constant flow of ideas able to be developed. service design/development stages? Alam and Perry (2002) ‘Customers input in new service development process’ | New Service development Stage| Activities performed by customers| Strategic planning| Feedback on financial data| Idea generation| State needs, problems and their solution, criticise xisting service; identify gaps in the market; provide a wish list; state new service adoption criteria| Idea screening| Suggest rough sales guide and market size; suggest desired benefits and attributes; show reactions to the concepts; liking; preference and purchase intent of all concepts; help producer with go/no go decision| Business analysis| Limited feedback on financial da ta, including profitability of the concepts, competitors data| Formation of cross functional team| Join top management in selecting team members| Service design and process system design| Review and jointly develop the blue prints; suggest improvements by identifying fail points; observe the service delivery trial by the firm personnel| Personnel training| Observe and participate in mock service delivery process; suggest improvements| Service testing and pilot run| Participate in a simulated service delivery processes; suggest final improvements and design change| Test marketing| Comments on the marketing plan, detailed comments about their satisfaction of marketing mixes; suggest desired improvements| Commercialization| Adopt the service as a trial; feedback about overall performance of the service along with desired improvements, if any; word of mouth communications to other potential customers| In Conclusion the NSD process is a process that should be intertwined with the custome r, treating the customer as a partner in their quest for better services. Customer involvement is needed to develop a superior service with better value for customers. It is suggested that a sequential and linear process should be used unless time restraints call for a parallel process where stages can be carried out concurrently. Managers should strive to develop services that match customer needs.

Alba Madonna - Raphael Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Alba Madonna - Raphael - Essay Example Raphael's Alba Madonna, painted circa 1510 and measuring 37.5 inches in diameter, is one of the most well known examples of biblical themed Renaissance art. One of the work's key compositional features is the artist's selection of a circular framework to surround his depiction of the biblical triad of Mary, the child St John and a baby Jesus. The circle, with its theoretical and symbolic links to notions of eternity is invested with significance in the Judeo-Christian belief system. Conversely, in ancient mythology the circle often represented a serpent from head to tail - tying in with the serpentine satanic figure of Christianity's Garden of Eden. Surrounded by the circle, as the baby Jesus was encased in her womb before birth, Mary is surrounded by a miasma of potent symbolic associations - including those of creation, rebirth and destruction. The foreground scenery of the piece is relatively barren, in contrast to the reproductive success of the virgin mother. In biblical ideolog y, it was a tragedy for a woman to be seen as barren - as traditional gender roles determined reproduction to be a woman's primary function. Conversely, a fertile woman was seen to be blessed by God. The emphasis on a barren landscape heightens the associations of fertility connected to the Madonna, and the barren scene is broken by the appearance of two flowers - symbolising qualities of purity in their whiteness and similarly reflecting the virginal purity of Christ's mother.